Нужно составить 6 вопросов (с ответами) по английскому основываясь на данном тексте:
Mineralogy is the identification of minerals and the suady study properties, origin, and classification. The properties of minerals are studied under the convenient subdivisions of chemical mineralogy, physical mineralogy, and crystallography. The properties and classification of individ minerals, their localities and modes of occurrence, and their uses are studied under descriptive mineralogy. Identification according to chemical, physical, and crystallographic properties is called determinative mineralogy.
Chemical mineralogy. Chemical composition is the most importan property for identifying minerals and distinguishing them from one another. Mineral analysis is carried out according to standard qualitative and quantitative methods of chemical analysis. Minerals are classified on the basis of chemical composition and crystal symmetry. The chemical constituents of minerals may also be determined by electron-beam microprobe analysis.
The various classes of chemical compounds that include a majority of minerals are as follows: (1) elements, such as gold, graphite, diamond, and sulfur, that occur in the native state, that is, in an uncombined form: (2) students, which are minerals composed of various metals combined with sulfur. Many important ore minerals, such as galena and sphalerile, are in this class: (3) sulfo salts, minerals composed of lead, copper, or silver in combination With sulfur and one or more of the following: antimony, arsenic, and bismuth (4) orides, minerals composed of a metal in combination with oxygen, such as hematite. Mineral oxides that contain water, such as diaspore, or the bydroxyl such as bog iron ore, Feo(oH), also belong to this group; (5) (OF) group, halides, composed of metals in combination with chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine; halite, Naci, is the most common mineral of this class; (6) carbonates, minerals such as calcite, containing a carbonate group G) phosphates, minerals such as apatite, Ca5(F, Cl)(PO4) 3, that contain a phosphate group; (8) sulfates, minerals such as barite, Baso4, containing a sulfate group; and (9) silicates, the largest class of minerals, containing various elements in combination with silicon and oxygen, often with complex chemical structure, and minerals composed solely of silicon and oxygen (silica). The silicates include the minerals comprising the feldspar, mica, pyroxene, quartz, and zeolite and amphibole families.
Physical mineralogy. The physical properties of minerals important aids in ing and characterizing them. Most of the physical properties can be recognized at sight or determined by simple tests. The most important properties include powder (streak), color, cleavage, fracture, hardness, luster specific gravity, and nuorescence or phosphorescence.
Crystallography. The majority of minerals occur in crystal form when conditions of formation are favorable. Crystallography is the study of the growth, shape, and geometric character of crystals. The amangement of atoms within a crystal is determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal chemistry is the study of the relationship of chemical composition, arrangement of atoms and the binding forces among atoms This relationship determines minerals chemical and physical properties. Crystals are grouped into six main classes of symmetry: isometric, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic.

1) What are minerals?
1) Mineralogy is the identification of minerals and the suady study  properties, origin, and classification.
2) How do you study the properties of minerals?
2) The properties of minerals are studied  under the convenient subdivisions of chemical mineralogy, physical  mineralogy, and crystallography. 
3) What are the classes of chemical compounds?
3) The various classes of chemical compounds that include a majority of minerals are as follows: (1) elements, such as gold, graphite, diamond, and sulfur, that occur in the native state, that is, in an uncombined form: (2) students,  which are minerals composed of various metals combined with sulfur.                                                                                        
4) Where are most of the physical properties defined?
4) Most of the physical properties can be recognized at sight or determined by simple tests.
5) Which includes the most important properties?
5) The most important properties include powder (streak), color, cleavage, fracture, hardness, luster specific gravity, and nuorescence or phosphorescence. 
6) Where are the crystals?
6) The majority of minerals occur in crystal form when conditions of formation are favorable. 

16. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1. What are the three types of printers? 2. What is a letter-quality printer? 3. What is a dot-matrix printer? 4. What type of printer is the most common with microcomputer systems? 5. What is the most common printer type used on large com­puter systems? 6. What is an impact printer? Give an example. 7. What is a nonimpact printer? Give examples. 8. What are the most widely used printers? 9. How do you distinguish between a letter-quality printer and a dot-matrix printer? 10. Which of these printers is slower? 11. What types of character printers do you know? 12. How are printed characters formed by means of an ink-jet printer? 13. What are the main types of a line print­er? Which of them is faster? 14. What techniques are used in the operation of page printers?

1) There are three types of printers, such as character printers, line printers and page printers.
2) A letter-
quality printer is a character printer which produces output of
typewriter quality.
3) A dot-matrix printer, is is a printer, that forms each character as a pattern of dots.
4) Character printers
5) Line printer
6) Impact printers are electromechanical machines used for high-
volume paper output on most computer systems. Their printing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be printing a line at a time.
7) A non impact printer is a page printer, their printing rates are so high that output appears to emerge from the
printer a page at a time.
8) line and character printers
9) a dot matrix printer forms every character out of dots, but a letter quality has a typewriter quality
10) letter quality
11) -
12) -
13) Drum printers and chain printers.
14) They use electrophotographic techniques.

Есть 4 небольших текста, к каждому нужно составить по 2 вопроса - ответа.
1. What tradition is popular among the students at Cambridge?
In two weeks I shall finish my first year at Cambridge. Let me tell you something about students’ life and my impressions of it. The students are mainly English, but there are many others, particularly so in the block of rooms in which I live, for my neighbours include a Chinese studying law, an Indian studying English, a Canadian studying history and a Frenchman studying science. The rooms have a pleasant outlook over the College gardens. There is a very small gas-stove on which we make coffee or tea. It is a popular tradition here to invite friends in the afternoon for tea and hot buttered toast and jam. To each room there is a man-servant who with a woman-servant, known as a "bedder", keep it clean.
2. What are students "sconced" (штрафоваться) for?
In the old days when Colleges were religious institutions the students were clergymen (священник), and their life was much more strict and disciplined man now. Friendship with young ladies was not allowed and the only women inside the college were washerwomen. The legend is that these had to be ’’old and ugly’’ (уродливые).
The students eat their meals in the College dining-hall At some Colleges there is an interesting tradition. It is known as "sconcing". If a student comes late to dinner or he is not correctly dressed, or if he breaks one of the laws (закон) of behaviour, then the senior student orders him to be "sconced". A large silver cup, known as "sconce cup", filled with beer is brought and placed in front of him and he must drink it in one attempt without taking the cup from his lips (it holds two and a half pints, or 1. 5 litres). If he can do it, then the senior student pays for it, if not, the cup is passed round and the student who has been "sconced" must pay for it. In general the discipline is not strict.
3. What do the so-called "Bulldogs" do if a student whom they come up to runs away?
The students can stay out till twelve o’clock. Each evening a Proctor with two assistants, called "Bulldogs", walks about the town keeping an eye on the students’ behaviour. If he sees a student breaking a rule he will come up to him and say, "Are you a member of the University, sir?", and if a student runs away, then the "Bulldogs" run after him, and if they catch him (they are chosen, it is said, because they are good runners), fine (штрафовать) him. Apart from fines a student may be dismissed (исключать) from the University for one term.
4. What students’ societies are there at Cambridge and which is the most popular one?
We attend our lectures in the morning and in the afternoon we are free. I usually work in my room or play some sport. The most popular sport is rowing.
There are over a hundred societies and clubs. There are religious societies and a society for those who don’t believe, political, sporting and dramatic societies. There is even one for people with beards. Perhaps the most popular is the Debating Society at which students debate political and other questions with famous politicians and writers. The walks into the country, the talks, the games and the work, the traditions and the customs — all are part of the students’ life which would be poorer if any of them was lost.

1
When will you finish your first year at Cambridge?
In two weeks I shall finish my first year at Cambridge.
Are the students only English?
The students are mainly English, but there are many others.
2
What is an interesting tradition there?
It is known as "sconcing".
Who orders a student to be "sconced"?
The senior student orders him to be "sconced".
3
How long can the students stay out?
The students can stay out till twelve o’clock.
May a student be dismissed from the University for one term or two terms?
A student may be dismissed from the University for one term.
4
When do you attend your lectures?
We attend our lectures in the morning.
What is the most popular sport?
The most popular sport is rowing.

Man has never been satisfied with simply talking. For some reason he has always considered his words and ideas to be so important that he has for­ever tried to find ways of recording them on paper. Just as man has developed so many systems of writ­ing, so he has also developed various tools with which to write.
One of the first instruments developed by man for writing was the stylus. This was a sharp instrument made of bone or metal and with it the writer could scratch his message onto stone or wood. It was used for thousands of years and was very practical: it could also be used as a weapon. Julius Caesar was killed with one in 44 BC.
The ideas of a pen and ink were developed by the Egyptians. Their version of the pen was made from bamboo. They sharpened one end of the stem to make a nib; that is the point with which you actually write. They then filled the hollow part of the stem with ink and squeezed it to force the ink onto the nib. It was a good idea but, as you can imagine, when paper was later introduced, a much finer instrument was needed.


The problem was solved with the introduction of the quill pen. The quill is one of the large feathers on the wing or tail of a swan or goose. The quill also gave us the word "pen". You see, feather in Latin is "penna". However, because this pen was in fact a feather, it had to be sharpened quite often and so a special instrument was made for this purpose - the penknife.
The quill was used from the 6th to the 18th centu­ries, and then in the 19th century a machine was in­vented which successfully made a nib out of metal and this could then be fitted into a holder and dipped into a bottle of ink. Finally, in 1884, a young Ameri­can, Lewis Waterman, found a way of putting the ink into the holder and the fountain pen as we know it was completed.
Although the fountain pen was very popular, a new kind of pen was introduced just before the Second World War, which became more popular. This was the ball pen or as a lot of people calls it, the biro. It was developed by a Hungarian living in Argentina whose name was, interestingly enough, Joseph Biro.

1. How long has man been interested in writing?
a. It’s a recent development.
b. For thousands of years.
c. It started when he discovered the quill pen.
d. As soon as he learnt how to make paper.
2. The quill pen was better than the stylus because the people could
a. kill their enemies with it.
b. force the ink through onto the nib.
c. write more finely on paper.


d. make clear signs on wood or stone.
3. The penknife was first used to
a. cut bamboo.
b. keep the end of the quill sharp.
c. cut feathers off a goose.
d. cut the tail off a swan.
4. What were the advantages of a nib made from metal?
a. You didn’t need a penknife any more.
b. The pens couldn’t be filled with ink.
c. You couldn’t use bottles of ink more easily,
d. It made the pen much lighter.
Answer the following questions with a phrase or a sentence.
5. How did Julius Caesar die?
6. Who made the very first version of the fountain pen?
7. What were the disadvantages of the quill pen?
8. Where does the word biro come from?
Помогииииттееееее! Перевод и ответ к вопросам по тексту

Человек никогда не был доволен просто разговором. По какой-то причине он всегда считал, что его слова и идеи так важны, что он навсегда пытался найти способы записи их на бумаге. Так же, как человек разработал так много систем написания, поэтому он также разработал различные инструменты для написания.
Одним из первых инструментов, разработанных человеком для письма, был стилус. Это был острый инструмент из кости или металла, и вместе с ним писатель мог поцарапать свое сообщение на камне или дереве. Он использовался в течение тысяч лет и был очень практичным: его также можно было использовать в качестве оружия. Юлий Цезарь был убит одним из 44 до н. Э.
Идеи ручки и чернил были разработаны египтянами. Их версия пера была сделана из бамбука. Они затачивали один конец стебля, чтобы сделать наконечник; это точка, с которой вы на самом деле пишете. Затем они заполнили пустую часть стебля чернилами и сжимали его, чтобы нанести чернила на наконечник. Это была хорошая идея, но, как вы можете себе представить, когда была введена бумага, понадобился гораздо более тонкий инструмент.
Проблема была решена с введением пера. Перо является одним из больших перьев на крыле или хвосте лебедя или гуся. Перо также дал нам слово «перо». Понимаете, перо на латыни - «пенна». Однако, поскольку это перо было на самом деле пером, его нужно было затачивать довольно часто, поэтому для этой цели был создан специальный инструмент - перочинный нож.
Перо использовалось с 6 по 18 века, а затем в 19 веке была изобретена машина, которая успешно изготовила нить из металла, и затем ее можно было установить в держатель и окунуть в бутылку чернил. Наконец, в 1884 году молодой американец Льюис Уотерман нашел способ поместить чернила в держатель и перьевую ручку, поскольку мы знаем, что она была закончена.
Хотя авторучка была очень популярна, новый тип ручки был введен непосредственно перед Второй мировой войной, которая стала более популярной. Это была ручка с шариком или, как ее называют многие, биро. Он был разработан венгром, проживающим в Аргентине, чье имя было, как ни странно, Джозефом Биро.

нужно ответить на вопросы по тексту:GREAT BRITAIN. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland isHowituated on the British Isles. It consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. England, Wales and Scotland occupy the territory of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of Ireland. The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244000 square kilometres. The popu­lation is over 56 million people. The capital of the Unit­ed Kingdom is London. The surface of the United Kingdom varies greatly. The northern and the western parts of the country are mountainous and are called the Highlands. All the rest is a vast plain which is called the Lowlands. The mountains are not very high. The rivers are not very long. The most important of them are the Severn and the Thames. There are many beautiful lakes in the mountainous part of the country. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm wa­ters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of Great Britain. It is mild the whole year round. Winters are not cold and summers are not hot. Great Britain is a highly developed industrial coun­try. It is known as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, chemicals and textile. One of the industries is shipbuilding. Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous educational centres are Oxford and Cambridge universities. They are considered to be the intellectual centres of Europe. The education is not free, it is very expensive. The United Kingdom is a monarchy and the Queen is the head of the state. But in practice it is ruled by the government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties in Great Brit­ain: the Labour party, the Conservative party arid the Liberal party. ВОПРОСЫ:1. What is the official name of Great Britain? 2. How many parts does Great Britain consist of? What are they? 3. What are their capitals? 4. How many people live in the UK? 5. What is the official language of the country?

ВЕЛИКА БРИТАНІЯ. Сполучене Королівство Великобританії та Північної Ірландії є на Британських островах. Він складається з чотирьох частин: Англії, Уельсу, Шотландії та Північної Ірландії. Англія, Уельс і Шотландія займають територію Великобританії, а Північна Ірландія - у північній частині Ірландії. Територія Сполученого Королівства становить близько 244000 квадратних кілометрів. Населення становить понад 56 мільйонів чоловік. Столиця Великобританії - Лондон. Поверхня Сполученого Королівства сильно відрізняється. Північна та західна частини країни є гірськими і називаються високогір’ями. Все інше - величезна рівнина, яка називається низовинами. Гори не дуже високі. Річки не дуже довго. Найбільш важливими з них є Северн і Темза. У гірській частині країни багато красивих озер. Гори, Атлантичний океан і теплі води Гольфстріму впливають на клімат Великої Британії. Це м’який цілий рік. Зима не холодна, а літо не спекотно. Велика Британія - це високорозвинена промислова країна. Він відомий як один з найбільших у світі виробників та експортерів виробів з чорної металургії, машин та електроніки, хімічних речовин та текстилю. Однією з галузей промисловості є суднобудування. Велика Британія - це країна зі старими культурними традиціями та звичаями. Найвідомішими освітніми центрами є університети Оксфорда та Кембриджа. Вони вважаються інтелектуальними центрами Європи. Освіта не безкоштовна, це дуже дорого. Об’єднане Королівство є монархією, а королева - главою держави. Але на практиці це керується урядом з головним прем’єр-міністром. Британський парламент складається з двох палат: Палати лордів і Палати громад. У Великій Британії є три основні політичні партії: Лейбористська партія, Консервативна партія, а також Ліберальна партія. ПРОПОЗИЦІЇ: 1. Яка офіційна назва Великобританії? 2. Скільки частин складається Велика Британія? Хто вони? 3. Які їхні столиці? 4. Скільки людей живе у Великобританії? 5. Яка офіційна мова країни?